Broadly, the methods used to monitor animals fall under the umbrella term “biotelemetry”, which can be defined as the “remote measurement of physiological, behavioral or energetic data”. Due to the technological advances made over the last 40 years, many different methodologies have been generated to better understand the lives of animals that go unnoticed by the surveillance of an onsite observer. It is our hope that this review serves as springboard for biologists to develop innovative ways to learn more about their subjects using the myriad sensors that are available today, and the exciting new sensors to be developed in the future.Įcologists have long sought an understanding of the behavior, physiology, and environmental conditions experienced by animals as they move through and interact with their environment. Environmental sensors will be described that measure irradiance, dissolved oxygen, and magnetic field intensity. Physiological sensors will be described that monitor muscular, sensory, brain, gastric activity as well as body temperature, and sound production. Additional sensors are mentioned that detect feeding and spawning behavior as well as the proximity to conspecifics, prey, and predators. Behavioral sensors that record the speed, acceleration, tilt angle, and direction of movement of an animal as well as its swimming depth or flight altitude will be described. Our approach here is firstly to describe the electrical and mechanical principles behind each type of sensor and secondly to present one or two classic examples of how they have been used to provide insights into the biology of species from a diversity of taxa. The purpose of this review is to provide a reader-friendly description of the many sensors available to monitor the behavior, physiology, and environment of both terrestrial and aquatic animals. The ability to purchase a wide variety of electronic tags has allowed for a wider adoption of electronic tags across ecology, but has resulted in many biologists utilizing them with little understanding of how they function. Sophisticated transmitters and data loggers, which once were built by the biologists that used them, are available off the shelf from many commercial manufacturers. The creative use and placement of sensors on both biologging and biotelemetric platforms can greatly expand the amount of information that can be garnered from ecological studies. The Virtual ASIO interface add one buffer latency while MME interface can add 150ms.The ability to remotely monitor the behavior of animals and their interactions with their environment has revolutionized how ecologists conduct studies. However the latency on virtual I/O is also pending on the application connected to it, and the audio interface used (WASAPI, Direct-X, WaveRT, Ks, MME). Reducing latency here is for expert and cannot be done without having read this technical note: For Voicemeeter VAIO, we recommend to keep internal buffer size around 4096 to 7168 samples. That will improve the latency on your VBAN link.įinally, Virtual Audio I/O Latency is pending on specific internal buffer and also on Voicemeeter Main Stream Latency (output A1 device). if you are on local wire network, incoming stream can work with the NEt Quality set to Optimal. Outgoing Stream are set in Optimal per default, but incoming stream are usually set in FAST or Medium Net Quality. VBAN latency optimization is also pending on Voicemeeter main stream buffer size (given by the output device A1) and the VBAN net quality parameter. In case of problem, we recommend to go back to default settings. We remind that WDM-Exclusive mode is usually not stable in the time (due to bug in WASAPI it can generate crash or BSOD within a 48h session) and SWIFT Engine mode is experimental.
This video shows how to get smallest live latency (MIC -> Voicemeeter -> Speaker). Some of them could work with 256 sample buffer (but some not).
if no ASIO Driver present, WDM/KS device can be used instead.
optimal latency is usually made by selecting an ASIO driver configured with a buffer size around 256 samples.
Since this optimal settings is not applicable to all PC Setup, you may have to experiment to find an optimal configuration with the best compromise between latency and audio stream stability.įIRST Point to optimize latency in Voicemeeter is to select your best audio device as output A1 (giving the main audio stream). Voicemeeter latency is pending on different parameters and the overall configuration of your PC.